AAOmega data is processed using a revised version of the 2dfdr software package. 2dfdr currently has modes which reduce data for a number of instruments including AAOmega with both the 2df and Spiral IFU top ends, 6dF, FMOS and the older 2dF and Spiral. 2dfdr is under rapid development at the moment in preparation for the HERMES and SAMI instruments and at this time, the full 2dfdr manual, available from the AAOmega manuals page, is out of date. This CookBook is aimed at providing a basic introduction to the reduction process. An updated manual will be available shortly. In the meantime, please contact your support astronomer or the AAOmega team aaomega_instsci@aao.gov.au with any questions about the software or problems with data reduction.
- Download the software
- Running 2dfdr for AAOmega
- Starting a reduction
- Reduce the data
- .idx File Format
- Data reduction options
Download the software
2dfdr is rapidly evolving as more is learned about AAOmega data. The user should check the ftp site below to ensure they have the latest version of the software before starting a campaign of data reduction. The software is available as a set of binary executables available for linux and mac operating systems. Download the latest tar file from the FTP site ftp://ftp.aao.gov.au/pub/2df/ The file will have a name something like: 2dfdr-linux-5.33.tgz Unpack the tar file and extract the software to your chosen software directory:
tar -xvzf 2dfdr-linux-5.33.tgz
Running 2dfdr for AAOmega
To run 2dfdr, add the full directory pathname of 2dfdr_install/bin to your PATH (ensuring that you do not have the environmental variables DRCONTROL_DIR or DRCONTROL_ENV already set). To do this:
tcsh
set path = ($path /path/to/software/2dfdr_install/bin)
bash
export PATH=/path/to/software/2dfdr_install/bin:$PATH
2dfdr should be run in a separate working directory for each set of observations with a particular field plate. A meaningful directory structure for your observing run can save a lot of heartache later on. An example directory structure might be:
Observing95june05/
night1/
field1/
field1b/
field2/
field3/
night2/
field1/
field4/
Note that due to the way the flat and arc frames are used, each independent observation (i.e. with a different configuration of the fibres on the field plate) will require a new directory, even if all you have done is tweak the positions of fibre on a previously observed configuration. Once the AAOmega slit wheel is moved with a change of field plate, a new set of flats and arcs are required for the reduction. Data from multiple repeats of the same field, or for fields that contain some repeat observations can be automatically combined, but this is done after the full reduction of data for each field.
Data from the blue and red arms can be reduced in the same directory, but this is often not easy to work with and so most users create separate ccd_1 and ccd_2 sub directories with blue and red data, respectively.
If you have bias or dark calibration files, these need to be reduced in a separate directory (the reduced, combined output is then copied into the working directory of choice) i.e.
Observing95june05/
bias/
dark/
Move to your working directory of choice and then the software can be started with the command
drcontrol
This brings up the Front Page window from which you can select from pre-described formats or, by selecting the option at the bottom of the window, the full range of .idx files provided (include those aaomega###.idx where ### is the grating name (e.g. 385R, 580V or 1700D etc.) with which the data were taken).
If you already know which .idx file you wish to use you can start with the command:
drcontrol ###.idx
The .idx files are all stored at
/path/to/software/2dfdr_install/share/2dfdr/*.idx
Users, if required, can make a copy of these instrument (.idx) files in the local directory and modify them to set their own reduction preferences. Not all grating configurations currently have corresponding .idx files.
These commands bring up the main 2dfdr window shown here:
Starting a reduction
The basic files needed to reduce AAOmega data are:- a multi-fibre flat field exposure (class MFFFF) These exposures are made with a quartz lamp that provides a uniform spectrum. They are used to calibrate the detector, and to find the centre and profile of each spectrum.
- an arc exposure (class MFARC) These exposures are made with lamps having various known strong lines. They are used to calibrate the central wavelength and dispersion.
- one or more science frames (class MFOBJECT)
Reduce the data
The user should now be able to simply hit the Start Auto Reduction button, in the bottom left corner, to reduce the data in the current working directory. The process runs as follows:- Reduce any and all multi-fibre flat field frames
- Reduce any and all arc frames
- Re-reduce the flat field frames using the accurate wavelength solution obtained from the arc frame reduction to compute a better average illumination correction
- Reduce any and all science frames
- Combine the science frames
.idx file format
The data reduction process can be tweaked and personalised using the .idx files. These set predefined values for many of the reduction operations that can be activated. The basic .idx file, aaomega.idx, is designed to give quick reduction for real-time analysis and to introduce new users to the reduction system. Additional files are provided for each grating, aaomega####.idx, which provide some grating specific modifications such as the spectral distortion model. Results from data processed using this set of .idx file will provide quality real-time first-look reductions. When performing science reductions, the experienced user can use one of the grating specific .idx files as a template and create their own private .idx files which will implement the best combination of options for their data. Note that resolution settings; wavelength range; type of target and target intensity all modify the optimal reduction strategy for AAOmega data.
The file format for the user-specified .idx file is as follows, with an example given below.
The comment character is '#'.
The default AAOmega values are loaded from the aaomega.idx file provided with 2dfdr, via the DRC_INCLUDE command.
Each parameter to be overridden then has a DRC_OVERRIDE_PAR command giving the parameter name and the new value.
The final command REDUCE is required as well. Note that some parameters have been commented out (left as the default values loaded from the aaomega.idx file) via '#' in the example below.
DRC_OVERRIDE_PAR STRING VALUE REDUCE
where STRING and VALUE are drawn from the options in the tables below.
| # My example idx file name # Load the basic defaults DRC_INCLUDE aaomega.idx
# Differences from the defaults #DRC_OVERRIDE_PAR DISTORTION 4.0E-9 REDUCE #DRC_OVERRIDE_PAR DISTX 975 REDUCE DRC_OVERRIDE_PAR DISTX 1010 REDUCE DRC_OVERRIDE_PAR ARCFITORDER 4 REDUCE |
One then places the .idx file either in the 2dfdr install directory (where the aaomega.idx file is located) or in the working directory, and runs the software with:
drcontrol myidxfile.idx &
Data reduction options
The various options which can be set when reducing 2dfdr data can be found on a series of tab pages in the 2dfdr main window. The options are broken up into a number of sections, with the goal of keeping related parameters in the same section.
An overview of the various parameters is given below. This page is intended as a guide, rather than a detailed manual describing each reduction step. Default values for high quality reductions of blue and red low-resolution , low intensity data are shown. Note, these are not the settings found in the .idx files shipped with AAOmega, the pre-packaged files are intended for quick-look reduction to quickly provide the user with data. The more experienced user can use modified .idx files.
Data tab
This is shown in the main 2dfdr window as seen in detail above.
The plotting windows
A user generated plot will produce a window such as that shown below (for a reduced and calibrated ARC frame). This window MUST be cleared, by pressing the 'q' key to quit the window, before new images can be plotted.Pressing '?' brings up a list of options, shown in the second figure below.
Note that the '<' and '>' keys allow the user to step through plotting reduced spectra, once a first spectrum has been plotted by pressing 'i' over a region of the reduce image.
Things to note in this reduced low resolution blue arc frame are:
- The spectral curvature has been removed completely, arc lines are perfectly vertical, with no ragged edges (those not sitting in a line are unused fibres).
- The blue ccd bad columns are clearly visible (exhibiting the opposite spectral curvature since they are contours of constant x-pixel number and not constant wavelength). Check that these bad columns do not damage key spectral features, e.g. the sky lines needed for sky subtraction etc.
- In this reduction, there are some unused pixels to the far right of the spectrum. For this reduction, the central wavelength selected for the output data is not well matched to the observed central wavelength. and so a small amount of information has been discarded at the blue end of these spectra in this example.
General tab
The General tab covers preprocessing options which are applied prior to extraction of the spectra.
| Parameter | Possible value | Description | .idx keyword | Blue Defaults (low-res) | Red Defaults (low-res) |
| Fit overscan | FIT Median |
All CCDs require an overscan correction. | FITOVERSCAN | FIT | FIT |
| Polynomial Order of Overscan fit | Integer | The blue AAOmega CCD has a strong gradient in the first ~100 pixels and requires a high order fit. Full 2D bias correction may reduce the order of this fit. | OVERSCANORDER | 9 | 9 |
| Subtract Bias Frame | True False |
Bias frame subtraction can significantly improve the data quality for the blue camera. The user must ensure an adequate number of bias frames have been observed (30-50 seems to work well) and reduced in a separate directory and the DARKcombined.fits copied.. |
USEBIASIM | True | False |
| Subtract Dark Frame | True False |
Dark frame subtraction can also significantly improve the data quality for the blue camera. The user must ensure an adequate number of dark frames have been observed (20 seems to work well) and reduced in a separate directory and the DARKcombined.fits copied. |
USEDARKIM | True | False |
| Divide Image by Long Slit Flat Field | True False |
This option is available but still requires specific additional calibration frames (defocused flat field frames) |
USEFLATIM | False | False |
| Divide Spectra by Fibre Flat Field | True False |
Fibre-to-fibre relative response is corrected for using a fibre flat field frame. | USEFFLAT | True | True |
| Use Laplacian edge detection CR rejection | NO YES "OBJECT ONLY" |
A quality cosmic ray rejection algorithm following that of van Dokkum 2001 PASP 113 1420 | LACOSMIC | "OBJECT ONLY" | "OBJECT ONLY" |
| Nsigma for Laplacian CR rejection | Real | The sigma clipping level for the CR rejection | LACOSMICSIG | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Use Running Median | True False | USERUNMEDIAN | False | False | |
| Use Local Average Flat | True False |
See note below | LAF_FLAG | False | False |
| L.A.F Smoothing Parameter | Integer | The smoothing length if using the local average option for the flat fielding | LAF_PAR | 10 | N.A. |
| Process Overscan When Reducing BIAS Frames | True False |
BIASOVSCAN | False | False |
Note on the local average flat field option: In order to make a fibre flat field free from the signature of the quartz-halogen lamp (complete with sharp dichroic repose features) used to make it, the following steps are taken:
- the fibre profiles are extracted from the flat field frame
- the flat field spectra are wavelength calibrated onto a common wavelength solution and normalized
- an average spectrum is created to represent the lamp response function
- the lamp response function is then projected back onto the raw pixel spectra (i.e. wavelength is removed), creating a lamp response function for each fibre
- the flat field spectra are divided by 2D lamp response function to remove the features of the quartz-halogen lamp
Extract tab
The extraction tab deals with parameters related to the extraction of the fibre traces from the raw 2D CCD frame
| Parameter | Possible value | Description | .idx file string | Blue Defaults (low-res) | Red Defaults (low-res) |
| Method | TRAM NEWTRAM GAUSS OPTEX SMCOPTEX |
2dfdr as a number of options for extracting the fibre profiles. TRAM is a quick look extraction. GAUSS performs a TRAM extraction but using Gaussian summation and pixel weighting to suppress additional read-noise OPTEX performs an `optimal extraction'. This is required for SPIRAL data, but provides no benefit over GAUSS for MOS data at this time. SMCOPTEX is Scott Croom's `optimal extraction'. |
EXTR_OPERATION | GAUSS | GAUSS |
| Optimal extraction scattered light model | POLYN BSPLINE USER |
For the OPTEX extraction, the model fit to the background pedestal fit can be selected as a free parameter. | OPTEX_SLMODEL | BSPLINE | BSPLINE |
| Optimal Extraction Number of Scattered Light Parameters | 0 to 40 | For the OPTEX extraction, the order of the background pedestal fit can be selected as a free parameter. | OPTEXTR_NSLPARS | 1 | 1 |
| Rotate/Shift to Match | YES NO FLAT ONLY |
Once the tramline map has been traced, the map can be adjusted to match subtle variation in the data. Usually this is done only for the flat field. It should be used if the AAOmega slit was moved during observation, for example between taking twilight flats and science data during a night. | MATCH | FLAT ONLY | FLAT ONLY |
| Distortion coefficient | real | For some AAOmega grating and wavelength combinations, the default camera distortion model does not perform well in matching the tram line maps for a flat field. These parameters can be adjusted to improve the fit. It is very unusual to have to adjust these values. | DISTORTION | 4.0E-9 | 4.125E-9 |
| X centre of distortion | real | DISTX | 975 | 1010 | |
| Y centre of distortion | real | DISTY | 2048.5 | 2048.5 | |
| Scattered Light Subtraction | None 1DFIT 2DFILT |
Like all spectrographs, AAOmega
suffers some level of scattered light. This can often be
subtracted out of images via a low order model fit. 1DFIT - this option fits to blank spaces between fibres along a column of data and creates a low order 2D fit to the scattered light 2DFILT - this option resembles unsharp masking of the full 2D frame. It can work well for low signal data, but will be a very poor approximation for high light levels. |
SCATSUB | 1DFIT | 1DFIT |
| Subtract Scattered light from Offset Sky Frames | True False |
Sometimes it is not necessary to subtract the scattered light from all frames. | SUBSKY | TRUE | TRUE |
Calib tab
AAOmega data is usually calibrated
using CuAr +FeAr hollow cathode arc lamps and Helium+Neon bulbs.
ThAr lamps are available for higher resolutions.
However, due to the feed angle of the light from the calibration
system, there can be a slight misalignment (at the 10th of a pixel
level) between the calibration arc and the science spectra. This
can result in poor sky subtraction (p-Cygni
like residual sky line profiles). Hence, for observing modes
where OH night sky lines are visible in the data, secondary
calibration can be performed fitting to these lines.
| Parameter | Possible value | Description | .idx file string | Blue Defaults (low-res) | Red Defaults (low-res) |
| Polynomial order for arc fit | Integer | The order of the wavelength fit depends on the grating choice, wavelength range and available arc lines to fit to. |
ARCFITORDER | 4 | 4 |
| Use whale shark matching in arc fit | TRUE FALSE |
Use a 2D fitting algorithm on arc data rather than 1D |
USE_WSM_ALGOL | FALSE | FALSE |
| Wavelength calibrate from sky lines | TRUE FALSE |
Due to the way the arc light illuminates AAOmega, a small (<0.1pixel) shift is introduced in the wavelength calibration depending on the field plate position of fibres. This can degrade the effectiveness of the sky subtraction. A correction to place all spectra on a common wavelength solution can therefore be calculated from the OH night sky lines, but only when there are lines visible on the CCD | SKYSCRUNCH | TRUE | TRUE |
| Polynomial order of sky fitting | Integer | In the blue, usual only the 5577A O2 line is available to fit to, hence a 1 order fit. In the red, many more lines are usually available. | SKYFITORDER | 1 | 4 |
| Calibrate Flux | TRUE FALSE |
Not yet implemented | CALIBFLUX | FALSE | FALSE |
| Flux calibration table | String | Not available | CALIB_TABFILE | N.A. | N.A. |
Sky tab
The Sky tab covers options associated with the sky subtraction methods available.
For sky subtraction, a high signal-to-noise sky spectrum is created by combining the dedicated sky fibres allocated to blank sky positions in each configuration. A number of options govern how the sky spectrum is created and subtracted from the data.
| Parameter | Possible value | Description | .idx file string | Blue Defaults (low-res) | Red Defaults (low-res) |
| Throughput Calibrate | TRUE FALSE |
The amount of sky to subtract from
a given science fibre must usually be determined from the data itself.
For data with very little sky (e.g. a short standard star
exposures) one may wish to dispense with this correction and skip sky
subtraction is it will have little effect on the final data set. |
THRUPUT | TRUE | TRUE |
| Throughput Calibration Method | OFFSKY SKYLINE(KGB) SKYFLUX(COR) SKYFLUX(MED) |
The normalization correction is calculated either from an offset-sky/Twilight-flat (usually at high resolution in the blue) or from the night sky emission lines which one is trying to remove. The different SKY methods are detailed in the 2dfdr manual, and outlined below*. | TPMETH | SKYFLUX(COR) | SKYFLUX(MED) |
| Subtract Sky | TRUE FALSE |
Should the system attempt sky subtraction. For some data sets this is not necessary or even possible. For Nod-and-Shuffle data, for example, this step would be redundant. | SKYSUB | TRUE | TRUE |
| Sky Fibre Combination Operation | MEDIAN MEAN |
with 20-30 sky spectra to combine to make an average sky, one could either perform a clipped MEAN, or use a simple MEDIAN. We find the median is usually more robust in practice, with little real loss in signal-to-noise | SKYCOMBINE | MEDIAN | MEDIAN |
| Use iterative sky subtraction | TRUE FALSE |
Shift/scale/smooth sky spectrum to minimise sky residuals | ITERSKY | FALSE | TRUE |
| Correct for telluric absorption | TRUE FALSE |
Correct for telluric absorption, by dividing data by a mean object spectrum in the regions containing atmospheric absorption bands | TELCOR | FALSE | TRUE |
| Correct Min S/N for telluric absorption | TRUE FALSE |
Only spectra with S/N greater than this are included in the mean spectrum for telluric correction | TELSN | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Use PCA after Normal Sky Subtract | TRUE FALSE |
Undertake Principle Component Analysis of spectrum components after sky subtraction to remove sky residuals (not recommended for stars or fieldsof targets very close in velocity). | PCASKY | TRUE | TRUE |
| Number of PCA eigenspectra | 0-30 | Number of eigenspectra used in PCA analysis | PCANUM | 10 | 10 |
| Min wavelength for PCA sky subtraction | Real | Minimum wavelength of data range over which PCA sky subtraction is applied | PCALMIN | 5550.0 | 5700.0 |
| Max wavelength for PCA sky subtraction | Real | Maximum wavelength of data range over which PCA sky subtraction is applied | PCALMAX | 5600.0 | 9000.0 |
Notes: * SKY methods. The three skyline throughput calibration methods are variations on a theme of the same basic principle. In order to determine how much sky to subtract off from each fibres, the system calibrates the relative sky flux by looking at the flux in night sky emission lines (usually OH, but also some O2, Na and other species), unless the OFFSKY method has been selected, in which case a twilight-flat or Offset-Sky frame must be provided. In all cases, the SKYLINE/FLUX calculates an multiplicative scaling for the sky based on the integrated flux in the sky lines. SKYFLUX(COR) performs a more robust fit to the core of the skyline profiles, which is more robust against PSF variations across the field. SKYFLUX(MED) performs the same task as SKYFLUX(COR) but for red data, which typically has more strong unblended lines to measure than the blue; a median scaling is derived, which is more robust against CCD defects and cosmic rays. SKYLINE(KGB) is an extended implementation (designed and implemented by Karl Glazebrook) which attempts to track PSF variations across the CCD due to the camera optics, minimizing the sky residual globally. This method worked well for 2dF data, but is not recommended for the current AAOmega implementation.
Combine tab
Data from multiple observations of the same fields, and also data from multiple observations of separate fibre configurations (usually with some overlap in the targets, which is being performed to increase a sub-set of exposures times) is routinely performed by 2dfdr.
Typically the data from each camera (red and blue) is combined separately before the spectra are spliced into one continuous spectrum.
Combining of reduced files occurs in 'Auto Reduction' mode when all local object frames have been processed. It can also be done manually using the Combine Reduced Runs item in the 2dfdr Commands menu.
The 2dfdr combine algorithm combines data based on either object name or object location. That is, fibres having the same name (or location) are added and normalised to produce the output. This is to include all objects, whether they are contained within every frame or only a sub-set of the frames. The combine has the following features:
Multiple configurations of the same field can be combined together when objects are in common. Note that this can result in more spectra than the instrument can produce in one exposure.
Only fibre types 'S' (sky) and 'P' (program) fibres are combined. This includes cases in which a fibre has been disabled part way through a field observation, so only good data is combined. Other fibres such as unused and parked fibres have all values set to zero.
The first spectra will be all those from the first frame in the combine including unused/parked and sky fibres. Any additional spectra will be only sky and program spectra from objects in subsequent frames and not present in the first frame. if the data combined are all from the same configuration there will be no difference in the fibre count.
All the fibre table extension information is properly propoagated. Additional fibres are numbered beginning from the last fibre of the first frame. So for AAOmega, the first 400 fibres will be from the first frame, and fibre 401 and beyond will be additional fibres from subsequent frames (if any).
Variances are handled properly.
| Parameter | Possible value | Description | .idx file string | Blue Defaults (low-res) | Red Defaults (low-res) |
| Combine Reduced Data | TRUE FALSE |
This option will automatically
combine the reduced spectra at the end of a automatic reduction run
(that has been started using the START button). A frame named
dateccd_combined.fits will be generated in the working directory. |
AUTO_COMB | TRUE | TRUE |
| Adjust Continuum Levels | TRUE FALSE |
This parameter performs a cosmetic adjustment of the spectra, allowing for additive offsets. * | COMB_ADJUST | TRUE | TRUE |
| Flux Weight | NONE FRAMES OBJECT |
When combining data, a flux weight may be applied to each spectrum. One weight can be applied for the whole frames (best when individual fibres have low signal) or a weight may be determined on an object-by-object basis (best when spectra have high signal to noise). | FLUXWT | FRAMES | FRAMES |
| Rejection Threshold | 1-100 | A spurion* sigma-clipping rejection is applied, with the clipping threshold set to this value. | CSIGREJ | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Systematic Uncertainty | 1-100 | An offset factor allows for systematic uncertainties in the data during clipping. | CSYST | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Smoothing Scale | 1-100 | To determine weights between spectra, the spectra are smoothed to remove local defects. | CSMOOTH | 101 | 101 |
| Combine A/B spectra | TRUE FALSE |
For Cross-beam-switched data, with two fibres allocated to a target for observations in the A and B positions, this option will invert the B spectrum and add it to the A spectrum, then set the B spectrum position to zero in the output image. | COMBAB | TRUE | TRUE |
| Combine Matching Name | TRUE FALSE |
If TRUE combine matching names, if FALSE match positions | COMBNAME | TRUE | TRUE |
| Arm re-scrunched in splicing | RED BLUE |
In order to join the red and blue spectra, data must be placed on a common wavelength scale. It is usual to rebin the red data, to preserve the higher resolution in the blue. | SCRUNCHARM | RED | RED |
| Coadd spliced spectra in overlap region | TRUE FALSE |
Combine the spectral pixels in the overlap region. | SPLICECOADD | TRUE | TRUE |
| Splicing mid-point | Angstroms | A mid-point about which to join the spectra. | SPLICEMIDPOINT | 5700.0 | 5700.0 |
| Include RWSS in extension | TRUE FALSE |
Include an extension containing spectra reduced without sky subtraction so that these can be used to calculate the weights when splicing | INC_RWSS | TRUE | TRUE |
Notes:
* The "Adjust Continuum Levels" option was first introduced for the original 2dF galaxy redshift survey data. This cosmetic adjustment was found to improve treatment of scattered light in the original 2dF spectrographs, and provided cosmetic improvements for spectra which enhanced the redshift success rate. It should be used with caution when spectrophotometric integrity is of paramount importance.
* The spurions is the quantum particle of erroneous information. Most cosmic rays are caused by spurions.
Plots tab
| Parameter | Possible value | Description | .idx file string | Blue Defaults (low-res) | Red Defaults (low-res) |
| Scaling | TRUE FALSE |
Auto scale figures at the 95% of pixels level, as opossed to min/max. |
AUTO | True | True |
| Plot Type | GREY COLOUR CONTOUR CVMAG |
A number of different plot styles are supported. | PLOTTYPE | Grey | Grey |
| Pixels per bin | Rebin the spectrum before plotting. | NBIN | 1 | 1 | |
| Remove Sky Residual | TRUE FALSE |
FIXSKY | FALSE | FALSE | |
| Plot Tram Map | YES NO FLAT ONLY |
The user will sometimes want to check that the tramline tracing for the flat field has worked correctly. Usually one does this only for the flat field, and usual only for a few test data sets from any given observing run. | PLTMAP | FLAT ONLY | FLAT ONLY |
| Plot Combined Sky | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | SKYPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
| Plot Telluric Correction | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | TELPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
| Plot Throughput map | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | THPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
| Plot averaged flat field | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | AFFPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
| Plot overscan bias level | YES NO FLAT ONLY |
Enable plotting of the overscan bias level | BIASPLOT | NO | NO |
| Plot background scattered light | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | BGDPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
| Plot optimal extraction fits | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | OPTPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
| Plot PCA sky subtraction diagnostics | TRUE FALSE |
Diagnostic plot. | PCAPLOT | FALSE | FALSE |
RnD tab
This tab collects options currently under research and development and are generally not required by users and so are not described in detail here.
Sarah Brough (sb@aao.gov.au)